Tarantula

A Comprehensive Guide to Tarantulas

Tarantulas. The very name evokes a mix of fear and fascination. Often depicted as monstrous predators in popular culture, the reality of these large arachnids is far more nuanced and intriguing. This guide delves into the world of tarantulas, exploring their biology, behavior, habitats, and their place within both the ecosystem and human culture.

What Exactly Is a Tarantula?

The term “tarantula” doesn’t refer to a single species, but rather to a group of large and hairy spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae. Currently, over 900 species have been identified, inhabiting diverse environments across the globe. They are characterized by their size, robust build, and the presence of hair‑like setae covering their bodies. These setae aren’t just for show; they play a crucial role in sensing vibrations and detecting prey.

Anatomy and Physical Characteristics

Tarantulas exhibit the typical arachnid body plan, consisting of two main body segments: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma). They have eight legs, plus a pair of pedipalps that are used for manipulating food, sensing the environment, and, in males, for mating. Their chelicerae, or fangs, are large and powerful, used to subdue prey and inject venom. The color and patterning of tarantulas vary greatly, ranging from drab browns and blacks to vibrant blues, oranges, and reds.

Where Do Tarantulas Live?

Tarantulas are found on every continent except Antarctica. Their distribution is largely concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions. Different species have adapted to a wide range of habitats:

• Tropical Rainforests: Many species thrive in the humid environments of rainforests, often building burrows among tree roots or in leaf litter.


• Deserts and Grasslands: Some tarantulas have adapted to arid conditions, constructing deep burrows to escape the heat and conserve moisture.


• Savannas and Woodlands: Others are found in more temperate environments, inhabiting grasslands, woodlands, and even mountainous regions.

Specific examples include the Brazilian salmon pink birdeater, inhabiting South American rainforests, and the Mexican red‑knee tarantula, found in the arid regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States.

A Look at Tarantula Evolution

The evolutionary history of tarantulas stretches back to the Cretaceous period, approximately 125 million years ago. Fossil evidence suggests that early tarantulas were similar to modern species, indicating a relatively stable body plan over millions of years. They are believed to have diverged from other spider families early in the evolution of arachnids. Their large size and robust build likely allowed them to prey on larger insects and other invertebrates, giving them a competitive advantage in ancient ecosystems.

What Do Tarantulas Eat?

Tarantulas are opportunistic predators with a varied diet. While they can take down relatively large prey, their diet primarily consists of insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, and beetles. Larger species may also prey on small vertebrates, including lizards, frogs, and occasionally small birds or rodents. They subdue their prey using a combination of venom and physical force, injecting venom to immobilize or kill the victim before consuming it. Tarantulas do not chew their food; instead, they use their chelicerae to macerate the prey and suck up the resulting liquid.

The Tarantula Life Cycle: Mating and Reproduction

Male tarantulas typically mature later than females and often die shortly after mating. Females mature earlier and can live for many years, sometimes exceeding a decade. When a male reaches maturity, he embarks on a search for a mate, often following silk trails left by females. The mating ritual can be elaborate, involving courtship dances and the presentation of silk gifts. However, it is not without risk; females are known to occasionally attack and consume their mates.

After mating, the female produces an egg sac containing hundreds of eggs. She diligently guards the sac, protecting it from predators and maintaining optimal humidity levels. The spiderlings hatch from the egg sac after several weeks or months, initially appearing as miniature versions of their parents. They undergo several molts as they grow, shedding their exoskeletons to accommodate their increasing size. Tarantulas can live for many years, with some species exceeding 20 or even 30 years in captivity.

Tarantulas and the Ecosystem

Tarantulas play a vital role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems. As predators, they help control populations of insects and other invertebrates, preventing outbreaks that could damage crops or spread disease. They also serve as prey for larger animals, such as birds, lizards, and mammals, contributing to the food web. Their burrows can provide shelter for other small animals and help aerate the soil.

Tarantulas and Humans: Interactions and Cultural Significance

Throughout history, tarantulas have held a variety of meanings in different cultures. In some cultures, they are revered as symbols of power and strength. The “Tarantella,” a lively folk dance originating in southern Italy, is said to have originated as a cure for tarantula bites, though the association with actual spider bites is largely myth. In other cultures, tarantulas are feared and associated with witchcraft or bad luck.

In some parts of the world, tarantulas are even considered a delicacy. In Cambodia, fried tarantulas are a popular street food. Today, tarantulas are also popular as pets, with many enthusiasts captivated by their unique appearance and behavior.

Encountering a Tarantula in the Wild: Safety First

If you encounter a tarantula in the wild, observe it from a safe distance. While tarantula venom is generally not life‑threatening to humans, a bite can be painful and cause localized swelling and discomfort. Do not attempt to handle or provoke the spider. Most tarantulas are docile and will only bite if they feel threatened. If you are bitten, wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen.

Caring for Tarantulas in Captivity: A Zookeeper’s Guide

Keeping tarantulas as pets requires a commitment to providing appropriate care. Essential requirements include:

• Enclosure: A secure enclosure with adequate ventilation and substrate for burrowing.


• Temperature and Humidity: Maintaining the correct temperature and humidity levels for the specific species.


• Diet: Providing a regular diet of appropriately sized insects.


• Molting: Allowing the spider to molt undisturbed, as this is a vulnerable process.

Avoid overcrowding, excessive handling, and exposure to harmful chemicals. Regular cleaning and monitoring are essential to ensure the spider’s health and well‑being.

Fascinating Tarantula Facts

• Tarantulas can regenerate lost limbs.


• They use vibrations to detect prey and communicate with each other.


• Some species can eject urticating hairs from their abdomen as a defense mechanism.


• Tarantulas have poor eyesight but excellent senses of touch and vibration.


• They can fast for extended periods, sometimes months, without feeding.

Tarantulas are truly remarkable creatures, embodying a blend of ancient lineage, ecological importance, and captivating beauty. By understanding their biology, behavior, and role in the world, we can appreciate these often‑misunderstood arachnids and ensure their continued survival for generations to come.